Thermopylae - Terms to Know About The Battle of Thermopylae

Who Is Rwanda Thing - 2092 Words

â€Å"Always Regret that Rwanda thing† The term â€Å"Genocide,† produced by combining geno-, from the Greek word for race or tribe, with -cide, derived from the Latin word for killing, was created by Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin following the horrors of World War II. Although the term â€Å"genocide† itself may have only been in existence for the past seventy-one years, acts of genocide have been known to happen as early as the 13th century. At long last, the United Nations declared genocide as an international crime, laying out its definition clearly in Article Two of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. â€Å"Genocide† would later be applied to the heinous acts of violence committed during conflicts†¦show more content†¦As a pastoral nation, Rwanda’s agrarian economy was dependent on the harvesting and exporting of crops such as rice, coffee, and maize to the West. Unfortunately, the West was not dependent on Rwanda, as these products were also imported from Brazil, Columbia, and other larger African countries. Prior to the control of other Western powers, the country was at peace, but all this changed after Rwanda came under control of Germany and Belgium. Unfortunately, Germans and Belgians could not appreciate the complexities of the subtle relations present in Rwanda before colonization and therefore established a strict racial system. The Europeans segregated the native Rwandan population into three racial classifications: the Hutu (84%), the Tutsi (15%), and the remaining 1% the Twa (. Tutsi, the more Caucasian looking in skin tone and body structure, were assumed to be the most intelligent and diplomatic thus receiving all high ranking positions in government and society. While the Hutu, the majority of approximately 90%, lived in poverty, were forced into servile farmer positions, and denied access to land ownership, education, and Christianity. Belgian col onists soon issued ethnic identity cards which formalized an imposed condition of racial inferiority that had not exist beforehand. This imposed racial system would later be one of the leading, if not most significant, causes for the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Belgium soon

The Significance of Art in The Republic of Plato Free Essays

The Republic of Plato as parasols the justice of a censored society which, in reading The Republic as a philosophical treatise, is not surprising. Quotes abound in The Republic supporting this claim, such as â€Å"we must supervise the makers of tales; and if they make a fine tale, it must be approved, but if it’s not, it must be rejected. We’ll persuade nurses and mothers to tell the approved tales to their children and to shape their souls with tales more than their bodies with hands. We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Art in The Republic of Plato or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of those they now tell must be thrown out. Bloom, Bibb)’ Through-out the education of the guardians of the city within The Republic, Socrates restricts the poets and story tellers more and more, tossing out what ever would seem to harm his perfectly Just city or diminish the patriotism of those living within. It comes as no surprise that the casual reader may have qualms with this extreme censorship of the artist and what they are permitted to create. A closer reading and an Idea of the social significance of the artist 2500 years ago, seems to reveal a different Intent to Socrates seemingly stubborn pollen of art. Plato was an artist himself, writing beautiful dramatic dialogues, which are most unlike the more modern philosophers like Kant or Hegel who write philosophical treatise. This distinction becomes important in how Plato Is read in comparison to other philosophers. In the mainstream philosophy of our time the most common way to read a philosopher’s writing is through a collection of excerpts from many writers on a certain topic. These books are great for getting a lot of different views but unfortunately they destroy the messages contained in non philosophical treatise type writing, such as Plat’s. Flats writing can not be taken out of context with excerpts. It would be Like taking Machete’s speech from Shakespeare play Macbeth and saying that Is Shakespearean philosophy on the meaning of life, It simply does not do Justice to the writer and their work. The Republic Is about searching for Justice In the human soul, it is also about leading Glaucoma away from a political life because he has a possibly tyrannical soul (Palmer, 33-34)2. The arguments used to bring about these two points cannot be taken out of context from the book to portray a different theory of Plates. The prejudices against Plates philosophical writings usually come from taking an excerpt and applying logical analysis to prove his arguments invalid which simply displays a lack of understanding of how Plato writes. How Socrates came to talk to those in the dialogues, why he is talking to them, and what is not said is Just as important as what Is said in the Platonic dialogues, they are all dramas and should be read as such. Now that we have some reasons for doubting the common criticism of Plates views on art from The Republic. I would like to demonstrate specific reasons for doubting sides to bring about the perfectly Just city in speech and follow up with Socrates own criticism of this city and his reasons for doubting its relevance. The city in speech brought about with The Republic begins with the end of Socrates seeming refutation of Trashcans which Glaucoma rejects and restates the argument for further scrutiny (AAA-361 d). The argument is over whether it is a better life to live perfectly Just or perfectly unjust. Glaucoma states the argument as such â€Å"For I desire to hear what each is and what power it has all alone by itself when t is in the soul†dismissing its wages and its consequences. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb) After some convincing, Socrates accepts the challenge to defend Justice (ICC). In taking on this feet, Socrates contrives an easier way to spot Justice in the soul. He claims that justice in the soul is like small letters and hard to see while Justice in a city is like big letters and will be easier to see (ICC-d). So Socrates sets out to creating a perfectly just city in speech to flush out Justice in the soul. Whether or not this is a decent attempt to find Justice will be dealt with later by Socrates himself. The first city created, or the first stage of the city, is based on a â€Å"city of utmost necessity’ and grows only to the size of a small city (Palmer, 16; Bibb-371 b). Glaucoma rejects this simple city and wants one with more luxury (ICC-d). Socrates believes the first city created was the true and healthy city but he agrees to create a â€Å"feverish† city (IEEE). This forces the city to grow much larger and to take land away from neighbors to support it and, in doing so the city will need an army (37th-e). Attendants urges for a discussion of how these â€Å"guardians† of the city will be educated and reluctantly Socrates accepts and says like men telling myths within a myth we will educate the guardians (Palmer, 16; 37th). Socrates, in his own creation of this city in speech, is claiming here that he is telling a myth, and further, that the education of the guardians is a myth within a myth. This, ironically, is the beginning of the education of the guardians in which Socrates brings about his famed censorship. Socrates continues to give clues to his disapproval of his own argument, as if he is just putting on a show at this point. After discovering Justice in the city, Socrates ants to find out if it corresponds to Justice in the soul, remember the big and small letters. Socrates says â€Å"We were, I believe, saying that in order to get to the finest possible look at these things another and longer road around would be required, and to the man who took it they would become evident, but that proofs on a level with what had been said up to then could be tacked on. And you all said that would suffice. And so, you see, the statements made at that time were, as it looks to me, deficient in precision. If they were satisfactory to you, only you can tell. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb; n reference to Dodd) Amazingly, Glaucoma accepts what Socrates called a deficient argument on both occasions, although the serious reader probably should not. (As Palmer, 23, remarks: â€Å"Heretofore, the arguments were so lacking in precision that they may have been without any value whatsoever (AAA-b). ) Socrates to tell how it could come into being (471 c-e). Glaucoma forgets, as most readers do, that the city was not created for the purpose of creating a city but for discovering Justice in the human soul. Socrates reminds him, in length, of his mistake and what the true purpose of the city is (Bibb-Bibb). Glaucoma’s demand that the good city in speech be realized measures exactly the degree to which he has not understood the Republic. (Penetrate, 123)3 As seems to be true for anyone who believes Socrates was trying to create a true city, and therefore, any regulations Socrates makes within this city. Further evidence for this is evident later on when Glaucoma declares that the philosophers will not mind the business of politics because he finally understands the nonsensical nature of the city. But, Socrates again reminds him of what they were really talking about and that the philosopher will mind the equines of the city within himself, he will mind the business of his own soul (Palmer, 32). Although the city in speech within The Republic does not seem to represent a real city and should not be taken as a literal attempt to create a perfectly Just city in reality, the fact remains that Plato does seem to be very hard on the artist, especially the poets. The image of the cave sets up mankind as looking at the shadows of artifacts displayed on the wall of a cave by the poets (Palmer, 28; AAA-51 AAA). This gives good reason for Socrates being so hard on them in the creation of the city in beech if the poets are the ones deceiving mankind. Today, of course, poets are not an influence on political life and it would seem ridiculous to accuse them of writing false poems. In Athens and ancient Greek culture, the poets were a major influence. They were the authority on the gods and on virtue. In fact, they were the only authority that would be quoted in a trial or by a representative of the people. They would be very well known by almost all inhabitants of Athens. â€Å"The poets are the unacknowledged legislators of mankind† (Penetrate, 223). It was not the arts homeless which Plato was attacking but their significance in politics. Plato was attempting to replace the poet’s authority with the authority of philosophy or of reason, which would seem most natural to anyone today. Plat’s true intent in his criticism of the poets is brought up later on in The Republic when in book X he attacks Homer specifically. He compares Homer to the likes of an artisan that makes objects or anything he wants including gods through representation (ICC). Glaucoma claims that this man could only be a sophist (59th). The implicit problem that Socrates poses with the poet is that he does not give an explanation of himself. Homer talks about virtuous people and the fantastic deeds they do but these heroes do not praise the poets for their deeds. The poet seems to have no place in his own writing and their â€Å"Speech seems to be subordinate to the deed. † Of the people they are praising (Bloom, 430). Socrates claims that the poet is an imitator of an imitator, in that, the poet appeals to the people and what they want and is only popular if they approve, he must follow the popular view. The people’s view is shaped by the legislator who lays down laws in view of what he believes would be natural law (Bloom, 432). How to cite The Significance of Art in The Republic of Plato, Papers

Cyber Security Social and Financial Advantages

Question: Describe about the Cyber Security for Social and Financial Advantages. Answer: Introduction (brief overview of the case study) Various heads of state have made it clear that cyber-security is a standout amongst the most vital difficulties confronted as a nation. Progresses in cyber-security science and building are earnestly expected to protect the Internet's social and financial advantages. With the objective of making cyberspace intrinsically more secure, the arrangement challenges the cyber-security RD people group to give strategies and apparatuses to stopping, ensuring, identifying, and adjusting to vindictive cyber exercises. The arrangement characterizes immediate as well as long haul objectives to direct and assess progress. Programming abandons, which are at present basic, additionally offer ascent to numerous vulnerabilities. Science and innovation advances are required for the outline and usage of programming, firmware, and equipment that are exceedingly impervious to malevolent cyber exercises. Furthermore, in light of the fact that framework breaks are frequently because of honest activities by well meaning clients, we likewise need to create compelling, quantifiable specialized and non-specialized security controls that consider human conduct and monetary motivating forces in cyberspace. Figure of the ENISA Safety System Approach for mitigating Risks Verton (2014) underlined the way that individuals inside an association ought to access set number of assets, in light of what they truly need to attain. The minute you guaranteed that exclusive the right arrangement of individuals have admittance to the right arrangement of assets, the association will have the capacity to keep an assault furthermore diminish the extent of it. He said dangers could be alleviated through personality administration, confirmation and appropriate access and breaking down movement examples of uses, end-clients and systems. Additionally Gordon Loeb (2012) said that an association ought to have a predetermined level of computerization implicit so that the association could make a move when a physical examination is impractical. The Most Significant Threat The most imperative risk to computer security is the malicious codes such as worms, Trojan horses, etc. Vindictive code is the sort of unsafe PC code or internet Script anticipated to create network exposure launching indirect accesses, safety breaches, stealing of records, as well as additional possible problems to records and registering frameworks. It is somewhat a threat, which may not be hindered by Antivirus (AV) software all alone. Some codes gives a cyber-criminal unapproved remote access to the assaulted framework got back to an application entryway which then uncovered delicate organization information. By unleashing it, cyber-offenders can even wipe out PC information or introduce spyware. These dangers can achieve an abnormal state: The legislature has even cautioned about the risk of malevolent code against national security. Major Risk Instrument At the point when associated with the Internet, families everywhere throughout the world can get to an abundance of data, speak with relatives abroad and appreciate a perpetual supply of advanced excitement. PCs and the Internet have improved family life; however, these new advantages bring new dangers particularly the danger of malevolent programming entering your computerized life. Otherwise called malware, these vindictive projects are intended to damage PCs and take client information. Luckily, families can shield against this advanced risk with solid malware assurance programming. Social Hacking issues Cyber dangers have been dependably a serious issue in any organization; just at this moment is that with the contribution in digitization process, dangers have turned into a specific barricade for the top administration. On the off chance that the administration puts parcel of information in the web and it is breached; it probably puts million lives in question. One of the ways to could take a gander at this is on account of these tasks have turned out to be so basic to the organization in general; including security ought to be a consistent procedure from the very first moment. Before beginning to contemplate executing an application, let us first perceive how to make it more secure. That is like an open door. In the event that a person looks at a portion of the hacks that happened internationally, certain underground programmer groups have finished them. There is no point following them back and attempting to sue them. An executive has to put sound arrangements not to give that a chance to transpire in an association once more. Simply scrutinizing the roots and making sense of how it happened and why it happened is not enough. A person cannot make anything secure however, he/she can take a proactive methodology. He/she should have a committed individual to deal with these assaults and the executive likewise ought to have a covered barrier approach, which implies that have distinctive level of innovation. He/she ought not have a solitary firewall and stay secured for now. An executive generally needs to make it troublesome for the programmers to misuse his/her information yet effective; no organization could play out a 100% security appraisal (Casella et al, 2014). The trends in Threat Probability Some trends emerge throughout any given year and their probability of happening are diverse because it depends on the knowledge of the Systems Administrator; who might fail to take pre-cautionary measures like updating the antivirus software and other computer programs. Based on the data provided in Table 2, drive-by downloads (web-based attacks) dropped to the second position in 2014 compared to the previous year. The first position in the rank of threats was taken by malicious code in 2014, up from position 2 in the previous year. There was no change in the injection of codes. Perhaps it was still serious. Exploits kits dropped to the eighth position in 2014 and the threat of Bot-nets increased to position 4 that year. Physical damage/theft/loss became less of a threat and therefore it dropped to number 10 on the ranks. This was perhaps due to assurance. Moreover, identity theft dropped to position 13 but denial of service as a threat in cyber security increased to five. On the other hand, phishing moved up to position seven in 2014. Spam increased in 2014 to be positioned at six, rouge-ware/ransom-ware/scare-ware became few, and thus the threat dropped to the last position in 2014. However, data breaches increased in that year to be ranked at five. Whats more, information leakage increased just one spot at 12. Targeted attacks (cyber espionage) remained the same throughout the evaluation of the threat landscape (Louise, 2014). Improving the ETL process The process of evaluating existing and emerging threats could be improved by forming a cyber security alliance consisting of antivirus vendors, Technology Companies, and any other interested group that could enhance a better digital life. Even the US government might be in the alliance, since the internet started in that country. Threats that are Challenging in the Future Based on Table 10, risks which might tough for ENISA in mitigating from 2016 and beyond are as follows: Denial of Service Malicious code Injection attacks Identity theft Data breaches Concluding Remarks To summarize this short paper, ENISA should be satisfied with its current state of IT Security because they have the best work force to tackle cyber security. Whether in government, the scholarly world, or the private initiatives, associations that support research, or prompt on such speculations have a chance to contribute. All these groups should cooperate to make cyberspace more secure. Web scripts in addition to infections might harm a computer by discovering sections, which make possible leakage of valuable information. Going by infected web pages and clicking an awful email link are key portals for malevolent cryptogram to slip inside a network. Briefly, popular Antivirus software, which covers a PC, malware evacuation abilities, network-scanning plus the capability to recognize a wide range of contaminations are the best guard. References Casella B., Jackson W. D., Jickling M. and Webel B. (2014) The Economic Influence of Cyber- Attacks, Congressional Research Service, Government and Finance Division. Washington DC: The Library of Congress Gordon L. and Loeb M. (2012) The Economics of Information Security Investment, ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 5 (4) Louise M. (2014) Overview of current and emerging threats, ENISA Threat Landscape, EU Agency for Network and Information Security Verton D. (2014) DHS launches national cyber alert system, Computerworld. IDG. Retrieved October 4, 2016

astronomy Essays - Constellations, Lynx, Ursa Major, Lacerta

Encyclhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/352906/Lynxopedia (Ages 11 and up) Lynx - Student in astronomy, a large but obscure constellation in the mid-northern celestial latitudes between Ursa Major (the Big Bear), Auriga (the Charioteer), and Gemini (the Twins). It was first delineated in about 1687 by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius, probably to account for stars left over from neighboring constellations, which he was mapping at the same time. The other constellations delineated by Hevelius are Canes Venatici, Lacerta, Leo Minor, Scutum, Sextans, and Vulpecula. The stars in Lynx are arranged in a broad stair-step pattern and are difficult to imagine as a wild cat, though some have suggested seeing the constellation as the undulant arc of the animal?s back as it prepares to spring on its prey. Hevelius is said to have remarked that an observer would need the eyes of a lynx to see the constellation, perhaps accounting for the name. Most of the stars in Lynx lie north of 41 N. celestial latitude and therefore, from the perspective of a viewer in the mid-northern lati tudes (for example, the latitudes at which are located Washington, D.C., Indianapolis, Ind., and Boulder, Colo.), are circumpolar; that is, they never set. The constellation as a whole, however, is not considered one of the circumpolar constellations. It is most visible from January through May. To an observer at 41 N. latitude facing north at 10:00 PM, the constellation appears directly overhead at the end of February, just north of the bright stars Castor and Pollux in the constellation Gemini. Although faint and unremarkable as a constellation, Lynx has a number of objects of interest. Many of its stars are telescopic doubles or triples; that is, double or triple stars that cannot be seen without a telescope. The brightest star in the constellation, Alpha Lyncis, is a third-magnitude red giant located about 165 light-years away from Earth. A curiosity in Lynx is an 11th-magnitude globular star cluster. Its New General Catalogue number is NGC 2419. It is located in the opposite di rection (with respect to the Milky Way) from most other globularscript src="http://adserver.adtechus.com/addyn/3.0/5308.1/1371312/0/170/ADTECH;target=_blank;grp=189;key=false;kvqsegs=D;kvsource=science;kvtopicid=352906;kvchannel=SCIENCE;misc=1307963782031">/script> clusters: though the observer usually looks in toward the center of the Milky Way to see globular clusters, to see NGC 2419 the viewer must look out, toward the fringes of the galaxy. At 210,000 light-years? distance, NGC 2419 is also the most distant globular cluster in the galaxy so far discovered using Earth-based telescopes. Because of its unusual position and great distance, some astronomers think it may turn out to be an intergalactic cluster and not part of the Milky Way at all, http://www.topastronomer.com/StarCharts/ConstellationViewer.aspx?ID=51 ________________________________________ Star Data Top-Astronomer ID5295 Bayer Right Ascension8h 13m 50.2s Declination+56? 27 8" Magnitude5.85 MK Spectral ClassG9III Flamsteed Henry Draper No. (HD)68077 Smithsonian No. (SAO)26732 Fifth Fundamental (FK5)2640 Lynx is a very faint constellation in the northern hemisphere. It was first charted by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. He created the constellation from the stars lying in the gap between Ursa Major and Auriga and named it after the lynx because it was so faint that it took someone with the eyesight of a lynx to spot it in the sky. It is uncertain whether or not he was also referring to Lynceus, a figure in Greek mythology who had the best eyesight in the world and was said to have been able to see things underground. The constellation Lynx occupies an area of 545 square degrees and contains five stars with known planets. It can be seen at latitudes between +90? and -55? and is best visible at 9 p.m. during the month of March. The brightest star in Lynx is [5250] alpha Lyncis, a magnitude 3 variable star approximately 220 light-years distant. It is also known by its Arabic names Elvashah or Alvashak and Al Fahd, both of which mean "the wild cat" or "the lynx." Two other notable stars in the constellation are [5251] 38 Lyncis and [5253] 31 Lyncis. [5251] 38 Lyncis is also known as Maculosa or Maculata ("the spotted one"). It is a magnitude 4 binary star lying 120 light-years away from Earth. [5253] 31 Lyncis is an orange giant approximately 390 light-years distant. It is also known as Alsciaukat ("the thorn") and Mabsuthat ("the outstretched" paw). Lynx contains a couple of

buy custom Starting Up Medical Practice essay

buy custom Starting Up Medical Practice essay Before Dr. Paul House makes his decision on whether to start his own solo private practice, or join group practice, he has to consider the advantages and disadvantages of both sides. First of all, if he starts his own solo private practice he will be in charge of everything. Given that he has a dominant personality and likes to be in charge, this action will be good for him. Emie, who is Pauls father, is an entrepreneur who strongly believes in his son. He would like to see him succeed and this will only be through starting his own business just as he did his own dry cleaning business. He started this entity from scratch and has grown over with time. If Paul starts his own business practice he will make his father proud and this will in turn strengthen their relationship. On the other hand, starting his own business will be so hard for he has no source of capital at the moment and his father is not willing to support him because he believes that Paul should start on his own just like he did. Again, it will be difficult for him to start his own business practice especially since he has outstanding loans in medical school amounting to approximately $100,000.This will make it hard for him to acquire loans to start his own private business practice. Paul House will have to consider a number of key purchases in starting his own medical practice. Some of the purchases include capital equipment, medical supplies and clinical equipments like ultrasound machines, ray machines, medical lasers, anesthetic machines, and laboratory equipment. He wll also have to pay rent for the building he will be setting up the business. The building should be spacious enough to include fully equipped examination rooms, a medical office, and a furnished waiting room (Breen et al, 2010). He will also purchase office furniture like chairs, tables, and beds. Seemingly, he is expected to pay office designers, medical assistants, nurses, clinical officers, subordinates, cleaners, and coffee makers. Computer software will also be needed for storing medical information and records. For these to be installed he needs the services of an IT specialist. Apart from the already mentioned purchases that Dr. House needs to carryout for his private business, there are other expenses that he will have to incur such as legal, accounting, and consultancy expenses. He will need a lawyer to help him obtain a business lease and get incorporated. This is quite hard to obtain, but the lawyer will make things a little easier for him (Huss Coleman and Huss, 2006). He will also incur expenses in the accounting sector as he will need an accountant to carry out financial activities. Consulting expenses will also be incurred as he will need to hire consulting officers to help in consultancy. Insurance costs are mandatory since he will have to insure his business in case of anything. Obtaining patients will be hard at first especially if he has not worked anywhere before, so publicity expenses and advertisement costs will also have to be incurred. On the otherr hand, if Paul House joins group practice, he will not have to have to worry about collecting a lot of capital which he cannot get at the moment. This action will present him with a good opportunity to earn experience in his line of practice before starting his own private practice (Huss Coleman and Huss, 2006). He will also save enough to start his own private entity later on. Joining group practice will help him clear his outstanding loan arrears in medical school fees so that by the time he starts his own business, he will be in a position to obtain more loan to add up to what he will have saved from the group practice for his private entity. The only disadvantage that Paul will encounter by joining group practice is that he will not be in charge as he would like to be especially due to his dominant personality. After considering the advantages and disadvantages of group practice and private practice, I would recommend that Paul House works with the group before starting his own business. This will help him obtain the necessary experience needed to start his own business practice later. It will also give him time to obtain the startup capital needed for the business. He will in addition have enough time to pay his medical school loans before starting his private business. By working in the group, House will gain experience and knowledge that will prove indispensible when he starts his own entity. He should also keep in mind that decisions made will have impacts on patients, productivity and future success. Buy custom Starting Up Medical Practice essay

McCarthy Witchhunts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

McCarthy Witchhunts - Essay Example He established a committee that acted as task force and court for all those suspected or accused of communism; people from all walks of life would, ultimately, find themselves in the â€Å"hot seat.† History Joseph McCarthy was born in 1908 in Wisconsin. He was raised in â€Å"proper† Catholic family, was a good student, and earned his degree from Marquette University in 1928. He was involved in an unsuccessful law practice and became an avid gambler on the side, before he finally decided on a career in politics. He joined the Democratic Party, but after being overlooked for the Democratic candidate for district attorney he switched political sides. Becoming a republican he began, what many historians describe as an example of the most unqualified and corrupt of politicians of all time. This perspective is personified by the â€Å"dirty† campaign he ran to earn an appointment as a circuit court judge. After a short time in the military he won the Senate seat for Wisconsin; his term was overall not impressive. It was at this time the United States was feeling the looming threat of â€Å"communist† sentiments, McCarthy â€Å"banked† on those fears and began a crusade to eliminate this threat and guarantee himself reelection (Oh, and Latham 1). Discussion McCarthy established the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), which was tasked with investigating anyone who was suspected of or associated with people involved in communism or were thought to be sympathetic to the communist party. These committee courts forced the accused to answer questions about their political ideologies and behaviors. They offered deals to those that would give the names of others who are, likely, to be communists. When one refused to give names of others they were â€Å"Blacklisted,† which prevented hundreds of those questioned to be able to find work in their respective fields, from politics to Hollywood. Arthur Miller, famous American writer, found himself in McCarthy’s court. He would certainly not confess to Communist ideologies and refused to help them in accusing others. In turn, Miller was Blacklisted (History Channel 1). It is the events, during the McCarthy era, that led Miller to write â€Å"The Crucible,† which details a version of the Salem witch trials in the 1600s.He framed the way the young girls freely accused citizens of Salem, Massachusetts of witchcraft within the current events of McCarthy’s witch hunt. The accused were guilty until proven innocent, and their innocence was impossible to prove because of the structure of the courts. Accused witches were given the opportunity to repent and avoid execution. However, for many of these innocent and highly devout people they could not morally confess to something they did not do, even to save their own lives. This would be a lie and lying is a sin against God. They would rather die free of sin than to live having lied. This was r eflective of McCarthy and his HUAC. In 1938, as television first became common in people’s households, Edward R. Murrow, well-respected and renowned new correspondents, began a show called â€Å"See It Now.† The majority of his stories concerned issues of the average American citizens (American Masters 1). It was a huge success for more than a decade. In March of 1954, Murrow brought McCarthy on his show as a guest. He allowed McCarthy to do most of the talking; in black and white it became very clear that McCarthy had

222 # 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

222 # 4 - Essay Example Once embraced fully in numerous states, death penalty is an effective tool to ensure crimes rates have declined contrary to life’s imprisonment. This is because many criminals prefer the latter than facing extermination. Yes. I think numerous states have realized costs involved in undertaking death penalty and its implications compared to other forms. This is as per Death Penalty Information Center recent report, which showed more than half of the respondents (54%) preferred any other type of life sentences compared to capital (DPIC). For instance, arguments based on costs referred to particular three cases, which before that conclusion cost the approximately 350 million, which is quite expensive than if it chose to give them a life sentence (DPIC). In addition, citizens including diverse activists are emerging with claims this punishment approach is not even fair for long seems to favor certain races. I think due to the complexity involved with lethal injections whereby those undertaking it might not have the necessary expertise, it should be obsolete but justice authorities uphold other executions. For instance, in my view I propose electric execution whose undertaking is more practical and does not encompass numerous complex technicalities to the executioner. In addition, its durations is quite short compared to legal whereby with the appropriate voltage of 40 seconds is enough then let the body cool down. â€Å"Whats New: Public Opinion: Majority of Pennsylvanians Prefer Life Sentences, Support Moratorium on Death Penalty.† Death Penalty Information Center – DPIC. 25Th March 2015. Web. 26Th March 2015.

Strategy and Performance Management at DSM Essay

Strategy and Performance Management at DSM - Essay Example The final KSF is important from the point of view of the merchant players. Low cost and security from sales is essential for them (Cai, et al, 2009). The KSFs can be linked with each other, if some of the steps of performance management are implemented within the system of DSM. The process of performance management consists of five steps. The steps consists of planning, developing, monitoring, rating and finally development planning. Among the various steps, planning, developing and rating is important from the perspective of DSM. This is because, all the selected steps are essential to enhance the KSFs and helps in ensuring integration within the factors (Armstrong & Baron, 2000). The suggested process consists of planning, developing and rating. Analyzing the processes would justify the rationale behind the suggestions. The three suggested steps are also linked with each other. The adoption of these steps within the system would help DSM to amalgamate the KSFs effectively. Planning is essential in an organization as it is the main factor that helps in properly allocating the resources of a company. Planning ensures that the company capitalizes on the opportunities available to it and the process is done in a cost effective way. Proper planning helps to meet the requirements of the customers. The demands of the customers can be fulfilled if proper production plans are designed. Efficient distribution of sales will be ensured if planning is done in the process of identifying potential target customers (Cai, et al, 2009). The second step involves activities that are related to efficient development of ideas and techniques. This step is connected to the first st ep. If proper planning is not done, the development process will also not be productive. Development is also an integral step in the process of performance management. Innovative techniques of production have to be developed in order to gain comparative advantage in the

HG Wells The War Of The Worlds

HG Wells The War Of The Worlds Are we such apostles of mercy as to complain if the Martians warred in the same spirit? This is what H. G. Wells writes in his first chapter of The War of the Worlds, just after reminding the reader on what our own species destroyed in the past, including the extermination of the Tasmanians in spite their human likeness. In the following I will point out in which way the context of British Imperialism is important and central to our understanding of Victorian texts nowadays and how this might have changed during the nineteenth century. This will be discussed in relation to H. G. Wellss The War of the Worlds. H. G. Wellss The War of the Worlds was first published in 1898. The end of the nineteenth century was a time, in which Germany and America began to compete with Britain for primacy in global economy. In the British society opinions differ what the great British Empire is concerned. Most people think the expansion was a desirable thing. Over the years the enthusiasm grows and better living standards are expected from the supplies of Empire products. Children grow up in a climate of opinion that was unambiguously imperial. Britain was believed to have the destiny and the duty to rule the world. The mind of imperialism, so the society is told, was reactive and defensive, not formally expansive. Patriotic history and geography books, songs, imperial exhibitions and literature hide the truth. So is Boehmer arguing, by offering us insight into the imperial imagination, the texts of the empire give some purchase on the occlusion of human loss that operates in colonial representation. The effect of empire on colonized peoples, and colonized responses to invasion, usually appear as mere traces in the writing of the time. Readings of imperial texts suggest, therefore, how it was possible for a world system which presided over the lives of millions to legitimate itself while masking suffering. In earlier novels of the nineteenth century, e.g. Jane Eyre and Great Expectations, imperialist themes can be found, indeed. However, they do not have a great impact on the general intention and are easy to miss. In Jane Eyre there is Bertha, a woman from Jamaica who Mr. Rochester was married to and is hidden in the attic of Thornfield because she had become mad. Rochester was to marry her because she came from a rich family. The money, so it is to be assumed, was made by slave trade. All these points are only traces throughout the whole novel and do not have a great impact on the protagonists decisions. Imperialism is taken for granted and is not commented at all. Approximately fifty years later, H. G. Wells, in contrast, wrote his novel to reveal the truth, [My] stories reflect upon contemporary political and social discussions. The novels purpose is therefore, as Wells himself states explicitly, not to alert us to the imminence of Martian invasion. Wells uses scientific phenomena as a basis for looking at the present from different viewpoints. This is, what Alkon argues when he writes that Wells uses the possibility of an encounter with a more technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilization to create a fundamental shift in political perspective whereby readers are shown what it is like to be on the receiving end of an imperial enterprise. The whole novel can be seen as a parable. The contemporary reader is confronted with the real face of Imperialism. The Martians who are obviously the novels antagonists invade Earth because Mars has become inhabitable for them. They take over Earth and claim it for themselves. Furthermore they live from the earthly populations blood. They invade without any warning and take what they need, completely regardless of the consequences for Earths population. Doing so, they act very violently and merciless. Humans are defenseless and entirely under the Martianss mercy, the monster [] had begun to walk [] across the common among the few fugitives []. A kind of arm carried a metallic case [] and out of the funnel of this there smoked the Heat-Ray. In a few minutes there was [] not a living thing left. This is exactly how the British proceeded in their colonies. They took over the populations land and their raw materials. For them it was not even necessary to colonize. It was a matter of prestige as well as a matter of keeping up with Germany and America. The Martians, in contrast, had to leave their home planet in order to survive. Just like the Martians destroy everything and act like machines the British invaded the lands they wanted and degraded the lands populations to be merely the colonial other and subaltern in comparison to themselves. Furthermore, the British felt just as superior to the, from their vantage point, uncultivated, primitive and less developed as the Martians felt about the earthly population. Nevertheless, the narrator himself develops during the plot. He has a clear mind and is able to see everything from different viewpoints. When he says, The base idea of this is no doubt horribly repulsive to us, but at the same time I think that we should remember how repulsive our carnivorous habits would seem to an intelligent rabbit., the readers are reminded that it is important to look at their own actions from a different viewpoint to realize how their behavior might affect others. The Martians are much higher developed than the earthly population. They are more intelligent and have stronger weapons against which humanity has no chance to survive. The whole mankind is under their control and no human weapons can stop them. Wells also included the topic of evolutionary ascendancy in his novel. In comparison to the Martians humanity is weak and defenseless. Whenever people get attacked by the Martians, they feel tiny, just like an ant, as a rabbit might feel returning to his burrow, and suddenly confronted by a dozen navvies digging the foundations of a house, an animal among animals, under the Martian heel. Now humanity feels degraded and, above all, disempowered. For the first time people realize, they are not the most intelligent animals in Universe, No one would have believed, [] that this world was being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than mans. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in which he states evolution as fact in 1859. According to him, only the fittest survive in the struggle for life, Natural Selection acts by the preservation and accumulation of inherited modifications, each profitable to the preserved being. Wells wants to warn his readership about trying to be the fittest. Aiming to be always the best means concurrence. Britain tried to keep up with other economical powers and eventually behaved as inhuman and mechanical as the Martians do. According to McConnell, Wellss intention was to show how the evolutionary future [invades] and [sucks] the lifeblood from the human present. The Martians were ourselves, mutated beyond sympathy, though not beyond recognition. They represent the danger of what ourselves might become. Huxley is of the same opinion writing in his essay Evolution and Ethics, In place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint, in place of thrusting aside, or treading down all competitors, it requires that the individual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fellows; its influence is directed, not so much to the survival of the fittest, as to the fitting of as many as possible to survive. He warns of fanatical individualism and states that mankind should work together as one species, instead. That does not contradict Darwins theory as he points out that the term survival of the fittest [includes] dependence on one being on another. McConnell sees these hints for humanitys future and writes that only by facing the hopelessness of human condition man can begin to construct something in which, absurdly and heroically, to hope. He interprets the loss of human supremacy as a wake-up call which allows to hope that humans would work together eventually. Until the end, humankind is not able to defeat the Martians. Earth is not under their control anymore. The Martians are defeated by microorganisms and bacteria they are, in contrast to humans, unresistant to. The tiniest and until then for humanity unimportant and unvalued species of animals reached what mankind was not able to. To sum it all up, H. G. Wellss The War of the Worlds is a parable in which its author obviously tries to reveal the truth about the Great British Empire, whereas many earlier Victorian texts rather hid or covered themes of Imperialism. Considering that The War of the Worlds deals with a colonial reversal in which, instead of oversea countries, the British Empire itself is invaded, it is important for the reader to know about the context of Imperialism in order to completely understand what H. G. Wells intended to say. Of course, the destabilization of assumed hierarchies of biology as well as of civilization is another topic that Wells cleverly includes. However, this topic is strongly connected to the one of colonial reversal. Although the novel can be interpreted from different point of views like every other novel, Wells explicitly expressed his intention which was to reveal the truth about Imperialism. (1536 words)

Historical Methodology Essays -- Racism Literature Books Papers

Historical Methodology The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Van Woodward, traces the history of race relations in the United States from the mid and late nineteenth century through the twentieth century. In doing so Woodward brings to light significant aspects of Reconstruction that remain unknown to many today. He argues that the races were not as separate many people believe until the Jim Crow laws. To set up such an argument, Woodward first outlines the relationship between Southern and Northern whites, and African Americans during the nineteenth century. He then breaks down the details of the injustice brought about by the Jim Crow laws, and outlines the transformation in American society from discrimination to Civil Rights. Woodward’s argument is very persuasive because he uses specific evidence to support his opinions and to connect his ideas. Considering the time period in which the book and its editions were written, it should be praised for its insight into and analysis of the most i mportant social issue in American history. From the beginning of the book, Woodward argues that prior to Jim Crow, segregation in the Southern states was not as strong as many assume. To support this claim he cites Slavery in the Cities, where author Richard C. Wade provides evidence for segregation while at the same time states that, â€Å"‘In every city in Dixie†¦blacks and whites lived side by side, sharing the same premises if not equal facilities and living constantly in each other’s presence.’†[1] In the rural areas during slavery, African Americans and whites also had a large amount of social interaction, because, as Woodward explains, â€Å"control was best maintained by a large degree of physical contact and association.†[2] .. ...better in the 1950’s. [22] Given the historical context in which the book was written, its popular reception, its persuasiveness, and the realities of the history of race relations which it exposes, the book’s significance cannot be denied. [1] C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. (Oxford University Press: New York, 1955), 14. [2] Woodward, 22. [3] Woodward, 19. [4] Woodward, 21. [5] Woodward, 37. [6] Woodward, 53-54. [7] Woodward, 54. [8] Woodward, 65. [9] Woodward, 69. [10] Woodward, 71. [11] Woodward, 72-73. [12] Woodward, 130-132. [13] Woodward, 81. [14] Woodward, 98. [15] Woodward, 115. [16] Woodward, 118. [17] Woodward, 119. [18] Woodward, 128. [19] Woodward, 174. [20] William S. McFeely, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, Afterword, 224 [21] McFeely, 227. [22] McFeely, 224.

Advocacy for Diverse Clientele Essay

Dealing with the everyday hustle and bustle that life throws at them. African-American women continue to rise above and stand out while doing so. They have been labeled as different, from their parenting style down to their style of dress. These women have also been ridiculed, labeled in a negative manner, and even mistreated. For example, they have earned lower wages than African-American males and whites. On the other hand, they have also been viewed as strong willed individuals. For examples, they have headed more than forty percent of their families while managing careers, and raising children. African-American females are heterogeneous in terms of identity, educational level, and social class. They are a diverse population attempting to rise above the different stereotypes daily. ADVOCACY PROCESSES Advocacy for African American females will lead, develop, and educate them in areas to help them become more aware of their strengths. One advocacy organization is The Coalition of African American Women (CAAW, 2014). The CAAW is a regional coalition of African American women with a goal of enhancing communities of Color in the Deep South. This organization shares information on the state of the African American community; informs and strategizes on how to access resources to support community development and restoration. They also focus on the empowerment, restoration, and development of black women as civic and community leaders. This organization works to develop the positive aspects of the African American woman. CAAW comes together to connect and empower African American women in the Deep South. The National Council of Negro Women leads, develops, and advocates for women of African descent as they support their families and communities. They advocate, conduct research, and provide national and community-based health, education, and economic empowerment services and programs to assist these women (NCNW, 2014). PUBLIC POLICIES Public policies that have affected care provided to African American females would be the Civil Rights Movement, Hate Crimes, Voting Rights, and Racism. These concerns affected the race as a whole and causing oppression, depression, and many additional negative concerns. From this, also came strength and perseverance. The race as a whole has been able to rise above and move forward in a positive direction. STRATEGIES FOR WORKING WITH AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN In counseling African American women, issues involving racial identity and conflict should be explored. Counselors can help African American females counteract negative images associated with being Black and being female; enhancing internal strength by developing pride and dignity in Black womanhood can serve as a buffer to racism and sexism and can prevent the incorporation of negative images into their own belief systems (Sue & Sue, 2013, p. 374). Counselors should be aware of the culture and familiar with the struggles and life events that have taken place for African American females in order to relate, build rapport, and be helpful to them. Family strategies for working with African American females include exploring the possibility of extended or nontraditional family arrangements. Therefore, questions should be directed toward clarifying who is living in the home and who helps out. Therapists/Counselors should work to strengthen and increase functionality of the original family structure rather than attempt to change it. One of the strengths of the African American family is that men, women, and children are allowed to adopt multiple roles within the family (Sue & Sue, 2013, p. 369). Community strategies for working with African American females include spiritual beliefs. Spiritual beliefs are important to many African Americans and serve as a protective factor in response to stressors. If a client is heavily involved in church activities or has strong religious beliefs, the counselor might consider enlisting church leaders to help the client (or family) deal with social and economic stressors or conflicts involving the family, school, or community. Church personnel often have enhanced understanding of the family dynamics and living conditions of parishioners (Sue & Sue, 2013, p. 370). COMMUNITY RESOURCES There are several community resources currently available for African  American women to assist them with everyday living and concerns that may be taking place in their life. One community resource is Black Mental Health Alliance (BMHA). BMHA is a private non-profit 501(C) 3 organization which provides training, consultation, support groups, resource referral, public information, and educational resources regarding mental health and mental illness issues. Additional information can be located at http://www.blackmentalhealth.com/. The National Leadership Council (NLC) is comprised of individuals who share an interest in promoting the strengths & health of African American children, families, and communities. The group represents an array of perspectives including consumers & family members, education, human resource development, nursing, psychiatry & psychology, research, and social work. The NLC seeks to provide leadership in building and supporting behavioral health systems that r educe disparities and contribute to optimal health in our communities. Additional information can be located at http://nlcouncil.com/about.html. A final available resource is the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). NAMI offers a Multicultural Action Center with African American Resources. This resource provides personal stories and quotes as well as important information on mental illness and how it affects the family in a real-world tone. This colorful resource carries the messages to the African Americans that they are not alone, recovery is possible, and identifies where to find more information and where to seek help. Additional information can be located at http://www.nami.org. History denotes policies that impacted the delivery and accessibility of services to African Americans. However, in 1964, the Civil Rights Act banned discrimination. Discrimination was banned, but individuals continue to be discriminated against and oppressed because of the color of their skin, how they dress, where they live, and with whom they associate with. Working with diverse population can be very rewarding. Meeting different people and learning from their backgrounds can be very informative. This interaction can also be complex in the fact of gathering research and learning different practice issues. Therefore, counselors should be culturally competent and develop a broad awakening related to one’s knowledge of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors different from theirs. References Black Mental Health Alliance. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.blackmentalhealth.com/. Gulf Coast Center for Law and Policy. (2014). Coalition of African American Women. Retrieved from http://www.gcclp.org. National Alliance on Mental Illness (2014). Multicultural Action Center. Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Find_Support/Multicultural_Support/Resources/African_American_Resources.htm. National Council of Negro Women. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.ncnw.org/. National Leadership Council. (n.d.). African American Behavioral Health. Retrieved from http://nlcouncil.com/about.html. Sue, D., & Sue, D. (2013). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and Practice (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Differential Psychology Essay Example

Differential Psychology Essay Example Differential Psychology Essay Differential Psychology Essay Differential Psychology studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study  groups  or biological underpinnings of cognition. EXAMPLE In evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the therapy in one  treatment group  might be compared to the mean effectiveness of a  placebo  (or a well-known therapy) in a second, control group. In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study. This is because  psychological research  depends upon statistical controls that are only defined upon groups of people. Individual difference psychologists usually express their interest in individuals while studying groups by seeking dimensions shared by all individuals but upon which individuals differ. Importance of individual differences Individual differences are essential whenever we wish to explain how individuals differ in their behavior. In any study, significant variation exists between individuals. Reaction time, preferences, values, and health-linked behaviors are just a few examples. Individual differences in factors such as  personality,  intelligence,  memory, or physical factors such as body size, sex, age, and other factors can be studied and used in understanding this large source of variance. Importantly, individuals can also differ not only in their current state, but in the magnitude or even direction of response to a given  stimulus. Such phenomena, often explained in terms of  inverted-U  response curves, place differential psychology at an important location in such endeavours as  personalized medicine, in which diagnoses are customised for an individuals response profile. Areas of study Individual differences research typically includes  personality,  motivation,  intelligence, bility,  IQ,  interests,  values,  self-concept,  self-efficacy, and  self-esteem  (to name just a few). There are few remaining differential psychology programs in the United States, although research in this area is very active. Current researchers are found in a variety of applied and experimental programs, includingeducational psychology,  Industrial and organizational psychology,  personality psychology,  social psychology, and  developmental psycholog y  programs, in the  neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development  in particular.

Medicinal Marijuana †Health Essay

Medicinal Marijuana – Health Essay Free Online Research Papers Commonly known as marijuana, cannabis is the worlds most used illicit drug. [ACDE] Dating as far back as 2500 B.C., Marijuana has not only been used for its feeling of euphoria, but also for medicinal purposes. The plant was first documented being used in the ancient Chinese cultures as an effective pain killer when ingested. [Rawson] Texts from Pakistan confirm that marijuana was used to treat illnesses such as gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia, headaches, and pain relief; especially in childbirth. In the 1800’s, Marijuana was used throughout the world as a general pain reliever before the invention of Aspirin. Then, in 1937, the United States passed the Marijuana Tax Act to ban marijuana, becoming the third country to do so. Its only protestor was the American Medical Association; how ironic. [Rawson] Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the mind altering and relaxing ingredient found in marijuana. On average, the THC content of marijuana is 4% but may vary slightly on the conditions of the plants growth surroundings. Sinsemilla is a form of marijuana made from just the buds and flowering tops of the female plants and averages 7.5% in THC. [ACDE] In the 1970’s, a synthetic version of THC was designed in pill form known as Marinol. [ACDE] It has been used to treat Glaucoma, people undergoing chemotherapy and in some cases, for AIDS patients. Marinol has worked not only as a pain reliever but also to control nausea and increased appetite. Marinol is easy to regulate dosages and does not get the patient a high feeling, which may or may not affect the patient’s routine day. [Grinstead] Marijuana is known as a gateway drug and may lead to an addiction or a dependency. Marijuana is mostly smoked which may lead to heart and lung disease, throat cancer and a decreased memory capacity. [ACDE] While driving under the influence of marijuana, the user is ten times more likely to get into an accident due to perception distortion. [Rawson] Smoking marijuana may create the user to experience paranoia as well as hallucinations. Frequent marijuana users achieve a higher likelihood of getting chest colds, bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. Regular use from males may even reduce sperm count. Women who smoke while pregnant have the risk of premature babies or babies with lower birth weights as well as possible health problems. [Grinstead] Marijuana is classified as a Schedule 1 substance, meaning it has no acceptable medical use. [ACDE] Although there are some who believe that Marinol works great, most users who have also tried marijuana state that the drug is not nearly as effective. Many chemotherapy patients found that they were not able to ingest the pill due to vomiting and even swallowing the pill was difficult for some. [Grinstead] Many users also reported severe problems with Marinol, including side effects and announced to leaving the pill to smoke marijuana instead. [Wikipedia] Although there is no evidence supporting this claim, many patients have stated that smoking marijuana has helped them deal with many medical problems ranging from pain relief to even helping with the downfall AIDS provides. [ACDE] Researchers who were testing for marijuana intoxication found that smoking the drug actually reduces intraocular pressure which can cause blindness in glaucoma patients. THC may also aid in the prevention of atherosclerosis. [Wikipedia] Marinal itself can cost a patient thousands of dollars annually while growing a plant which slightly easier. Immediate relief is sent to the patient when smoking marijuana therefore making the drug easily dosed. [Wikipedia] While many will argue that marijuana is an addictive drug and will lead to dependency, the same can be said about almost all prescription painkillers such as: Vicoden, Oxycontin, Oxycodone, Valium and Xanax which have been major drugs leading to admissions in rehabilitation centers. [Grinstead] In a study approved by the Food and Drug Administration, 250 patients were used to determine what worked better for them: Marinol or smoked marijuana? All patients had been referred by a doctor and had failed to reduce or control vomiting while having tried at least three other alternatives. In conclusion, marijuana seemed to be the favored treatment. A direct quote from the magazine, Compazine, states, â€Å"More than ninety percent of the patients who received marijuana reported significant or total relief from nausea and vomiting.† [Wikipedia] In America alone, more than 700,000 citizens are arrested annual on charges of marijuana. [Grinstead] Not all of these â€Å"criminals† were using marijuana for medicinal or pain relieving purposes, but the knowledge that some aching man was arrested trying to soothe his pain is disturbing. Marijuana is a very debatable topic and will remain to be a very debatable topic due to the fact that not all people will agree with one another. Unlike many other drugs, marijuana provides a relief for suffering patients and many people have already agreed, including six U.S. states as well as the District of Columbia. [Wikipedia] The idea that it is not only a drug but an illegal drug is what is stopping many people from making the right choice and deciding that marijuana should be used to help suffering people dealing with problems that the majority of us could not even imagine. Research Papers on Medicinal Marijuana - Health EssayUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Fifth HorsemanThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAW

Dispute Settlement Understanding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dispute Settlement Understanding - Essay Example The members of the WTO are aware of the clear and well established legal procedures available for smooth trading and enforce the relevant rules to settle disputes among themselves. These rules are contained in the understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (through Dispute Settlement Understanding or DSU)2 . The strict legal and policy framework of the DSU helps in promoting adherence to rules which are negotiated by WTO Members and since the rule of law rather than the rule of power is applicable and important, the DSU rules are beneficial for small and medium sized countries engage in worldwide trade so that there is very little scope for unilateral trade actions by large countries3. There are automatic establishments of panels to review complaints and disputes by WTO members and specific timelines are also established throughout the process so that all disputes are resolved quickly and efficiently. If the disputes are addressed in favour of a particular member, there are also provisions for a right to appeal against panel decision to a permanent Appellate Body on issues of law and automatic adoption of panel reports4. The WTO Members are encouraged to resolve disputes through consultations and for most disputes, reaching to the state of panel decision may also not be necessary5. If panel decisions are taken, the panel report and the Appellate Body report are adopted by WTO members and at a meeting of the Dispute Settlement Body, it becomes a WTO ruling. The members who are found to violate obligations are given a period of time to comply with the ruling in whatever manner possible. The member is given a time period within which it has to comply with the ruling. If the member fails to comply with the ruling, within the prescribed time limits, then it has to offer compensation to the complaining member during the time of pending compliance with the ruling. When there is disagreement on compensation, then the complaining member may be authorised to retaliate and take action until the other member has actually complied with the ruling. A rule based system seems to provide for a framework that helps to manage international trade relations and the trade disputes. The best method of resolving trade disputes have been considered as consultations and negotiations and when the consultations fail, then the dispute settlement provisions are utilised and panel decision may be sought.6 When even panel decisions fail, appeals are made to the Appellate Body and the legal provisions are identified and implemented. The DSU facilitates smoother trade transactions and exports between countries and also helps individual member countries to defend measures which may be challenged by the other trading partners7. In this assignment we will discuss the effects of Article 4, 6 and 23 of the

Signs and Miracles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Signs and Miracles - Research Paper Example The miracles of Jesus create a representation of his state as the Messiah and close reading with the stories of the miracles, along with an understanding of the past and the future allow the reader to see the miracles than more than just wondrous events. The Eight Miracles During his lifetime Jesus performed a long series of miracles that helped to give credibility to his ministry. In addition, these miracles gave beauty and compassion to the historic value of the nature of his love. His miracles can be broken down into six periods and the stories of those miracles provide different meanings to the context in which they are told. The first period is a â€Å"preparatory period† between his baptism until he calls his disciples to him.1 Four miracles occurred during this time that as it is reported in the histories. He then continued forward to perform sixteen miracles in the first portion of his ministry, eight in the second, six in the third, and four in the last days before hi s death. After his resurrection he performed one miracle. The total number of miracles reported as having been done by Jesus is 34.2 There can be identified eight miracles that are considered to be sign miracles. Leeler, Grimbly, and Wiggins define seven sign miracles that suggest that Jesus is the son of God. These ‘signs’ are intended to signal his arrival and to be taken as reflective of the nature of worship that would be used towards Jesus as the son of God. As well they define him as deified. The first sign, according to Leeler, Grumbly, and Wiggins, is the most important sign as it is the first to signal that he was more than a prophet or a man. The first sign miracle identified is that of the miracle at the wedding feast in Cana where Jesus turned the water into wine.3 The importance of these signs, such as turning the water into wine, is that they are visible and do not leave an abstracted idea of the nature of Jesus. They clearly proclaim that he is divine.4 I n turning the water into wine, the act provided for â€Å"symbolic actions (that) were valuable for his purpose because they were able to integrate several levels of meaning into a coherent whole†.5 Jesus showed himself through compassionate and real life applications of his miracles. The sign of the wine is also connected to prophesy concerning the messiah. According to Koestner, the use of wine was symbolic of the expectation that there would be an â€Å"outpouring of divine favor upon Israel†, the quote from reflections that suggested that â€Å"the mountains shall drip sweet wine, and all the hills shall flow with it’ and sometimes connecting abundant wine with the restoration of Davidic rule (Amos 9:11, 13; Joel 3:18; Isa 25:6)†.6 That the messiah was from the line of Davis was an important proof of his deity, however reinforcing that deification through associating his miracles with wine provided for symbolic proof, as well the proof of his lineage. Because of the well known, but sometimes vague nature of prophesy, creating symbolic proofs was as important as creating blatant proofs. Short of crying out this claim, the miracle of creating wine from water was a sign to those who had studied the prophesies that Jesus was the Messiah that Israel had been waiting to arrive. The second sign miracle can be considered as the act of healing the royal official’s son. According to Gross who paraphrases John 4: 46-54, Jesus says to the official that â€Å"

Presentation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentation Critique - Essay Example The introduction did, however, set up the presentation well and give some general themes that would be explored better further in the presentation, though one thing I would have liked to see would be some explanation of context (a power outage that affects a huge area vs a small area, or home vs office etc.) The content was good, though some parts of it were more disjointed than was necessary. The introduction gave some topics that would be discussed, but some of these were either missing in the presentation (such as how to stop equipment damage) or else not clearly correlated with those introductory ideas. However, all content presented was on topic, appropriate and effective. This was one of the weaker areas of the presentation. Some of the visuals were good (the lightning one, for instance) while others seemed very out of place: the â€Å"Key to success† visual was both off topic (equating success to money, which was not really what success is in terms of power outages), while also being low resolution and overly

On Becoming a Leader Essay Example for Free

On Becoming a Leader Essay The book I chose to review is â€Å"On Becoming a Leader† by Warren Bennis. At the crux of this book is a search to understand how leaders are made. Throughout the book, the author tries to prove through polls and observations, that leaders are not born but are made through a combination of nature and nurture. Leaders who excel tend to have similar characteristics which have been developed by a series of experiences in their lives (these include embracing mistakes, taking risks and learning from adversity). Another idea discussed in the book is that of the role of education in making leaders. Bennis notes a number of qualities and abilities that are common amongst the leaders he interacts with. Some of those are relating well to others, trusting others and in turn being trustworthy, the ability to motivate people and to not give up, inspiration and competence in the job. However, he claims that a major problem in business leadership is the â€Å"societal disease of our time† (as said by Norman Lear to him) short term thinking. He highlights throughout the book that this form of thinking is not beneficial to organizations and that a good leader should be able to look further and not give the short term too much importance. At one point he claims that short term thinking is what kills one of the most important attributes a leader must have innovation. The author mentions that leaders are important to an organization since they are of paramount importance to the operational performance, stability and integrity of the organization. To this end, Warren Bennis presents in a systematic manner various attributes that are required of a leader to be able to perform well. The first attribute discussed is the ability to â€Å"Master the context†. In this chapter, the author discusses the fact that a leader must be able to understand the reasons and outcomes of different situations. Only once he has managed this, will he be able to act in the best possible way for his organization. This is in line with what we have learned throughout our course regarding improving one’s self-awareness as well as the 4 perspectives of organizational effectiveness. A leader must be able to understand the context of work and respond by being aware that he needs to look after different perspectives of people and systems related to the organization. The second thing discussed is â€Å"understanding the basics†, which is quite similar to mastering the context. In this, Warren Bennis explains that leaders need to understand the underlying concepts at work before making decisions. He lists a series of attributes that can be found in most leaders including self-knowledge, passion, vision and trust. He argues that most of the leaders are not born with these attributes but life experiences and a desire to lead people enables them to develop a good understanding of this. Their drive to acquire and learn are much higher than on average and they actively pursue these drives while taking risks and placing lesser importance on their drive for safety. In this he also discusses the difference between managing people and leading them. We have gone through various topics related directly to this effect in class. According to me, one of the strongest drives an individual has is the drive to safety. An individual would be much more comfortable if they can trust their leader. The ability to understand the thought process of their leader and their belief/trust in him helps shore up their drive for safety. Across cultures, people tend to avoid uncertainty and if a leader is able to, through knowledge and an understanding, provide people with an image of consistency; it goes a long way in settling people and reducing stress. The third lesson is â€Å"knowing yourself†. Warren Bennis argues that in order to lead others, one must fully understand themselves. To be able to trust your decisions/inner feelings is extremely important for leading people and making correct choices. The author goes on to highlight 4 lessons that enable an individual to understand themselves. They are â€Å"you are your own best teacher†, â€Å"accept responsibility†, â€Å"you can learn anything you want to learn† and â€Å"true understanding comes from reflecting on your own experience†. All these lessons are at the core of organizational behavior as we have learnt. These 4 lessons can apply even to organizations as well as being useful for individuals. Self-concept is an important part of an individual’s make up and to feed that we must be able to reflect on our past experiences to learn from them. Social learning, learning through reinforcement and learning through experience are discussed as important factors of learning in organizations in our course. I believe this same applies to individuals as they are able to develop their social identity and self-concept through these lessons. Next, the author discusses â€Å"Knowing the world†. This takes a similar route to the previous subject of knowing yourself, while developing a greater scope to the understanding. Cultural understanding is an extremely important attribute in a leader. In an increasingly diverse workforce coupled with increasing globalization, a leader must have the ability to and desire to understand various cultures and behaviors. Values and behavior are very different for different cultures, and a lot of organizations have failed due to the incompatible understanding of their leaders. The HP-Compaq merger was a major case where while it was beneficial financially and operationally for the companies to merge, their leaders were not able to fully adapt the two company’s cultures properly, causing the merger to have not performed anywhere near expectations. One point that I found particularly interesting and felt that was very important was the need for a person to find a mentor who can help them enhance and shape their cultural understanding. The social learning aspect discusses similar concepts, where a person learns from someone whom they aspire to be. Being able to find a mentor who has an in depth understanding of cultures, or at least has a desire to learn cultural differences can help an individual become a more complete leader. The next thought discussed by the author is â€Å"Operating on instinct†. This discussion focuses on the fact that a good leader should be able to believe in himself and should be able to take decisions from his gut feeling. More often than not a leader and even individuals will have to make decisions without knowing all the details they would like to know. The presence of incomplete information should not make the leader less likely to make a decision. A good leader will have developed enough self-awareness and through self-evaluation and verification be able to rely on his instinct to make the right choice. This enables the leader to be able to quickly and decisively contemplate and decide issues. The next discussion is based on †Deploying yourself†. In this the author talks about the fact that a successful leader is a person who is willing to take on challenges even though he might have failed in earlier challenges. The drive to learn and acquire are, I feel, major contributors to this topic. A good leader will be able to reflect on his past experiences and learn from them; and this gives them confidence to continually drive for newer challenges and tasks. Another topic discussed is â€Å"Moving through chaos†. In this chapter, Warren Bennis describes the difference between all individuals and leaders. He points out that everyone faces problems and issues in their career, but that leaders analyze these problems and tend to learn from these. Conflict resolution can take many forms through third-party conflict resolution or negotiation. Leaders reflect on their conflicts and develop an understanding of how to overcome those challenges. â€Å"Getting people on your side† is the next topic covered. The main point of this discussion, and a very important learning for me personally, is the ability of the leader to be trustworthy. To be trusted, a leader must display consistency in his actions, congruity meaning what they say, reliable to their followers and have a strong integrity. This once again gravitates towards the drive for safety individuals have. To be lead by someone, an individual must trust them to act on their behalf and be able to predict to a certain extent what their leaders will do for them. The concept of romanticizing leadership is down to this ability of leaders. If a leader is able to bring their employees/followers on their side, the leader’s ability to work through tasks and challenges is increased. Even mistakes made by them will be viewed in a positive light, enabling them to continue taking risks. â€Å"Organizations can help or hinder† is the next topic that is discussed. This focuses on the fact different organizations will have different expectations from their leaders. The culture at an organization will dictate how well a leader will be able to lead the organization. A good leader will be able to understand the context of the organization and will try to devise strategies he can implement to make changes. The author also mentions that the leader should try and develop organizational characteristics that are in line with their culture. This also transposes into the last discussion of â€Å"Forging the future†. The impediments faced by leaders in an organization can be very hard, but a good leader will be able to develop his own culture and characteristics to move the organization forward. One major issue I had with this book was that while the author continually refers to short term thinking as a â€Å"societal disease†; he himself to a certain extent subscribes to that notion. His interaction with the leaders seems comparatively very short term. Throughout the statements made in the book, it felt that the interviews were more about successful past rather than forward looking. I understand that one of the major attributes is to learn from experiences but the I’d prefer if the author also focused equally on the leader’s thoughts about the future. Secondly I felt that there was quite a bit of political commentary in the book. I knew that it was going to have some after reading the reviews while selecting the book, but the political leadership aspect seemed to be a comparatively one sided. I feel that the author could have refrained from making this political and focused instead on the corporate leadership aspect.

Comparison of Economic Systems: Germany and the UAE

Comparison of Economic Systems: Germany and the UAE Introduction â€Å"Economy is the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services, and the supply of money†(Oxford Dictionaries 2012). Before profound studying about the mentioned countries one important aspect should be taken into consideration the similarity between these two countries is their critical role in their region, both of those countries has a significant influence on the political and economy climate in their respective regions. Germany is located in Central Europe, south of Denmark, between Poland and the Netherlands. It has a direct access to North and Baltic seas. The countrys total area is 357,022 sq.km and the population around 82 million people. Historically, Germany has evolved couple of unifications and reunifications including the last one in 1990. Excellent infrastructure, location, skilled workforce and moderate wage rate make Germany very attractive for business. Notwithstanding, there are some environmental problems, such as air and water pollution, soil erosion, diminishing biodiversity and shortage of resources. The United Arab Emirates is located on the eastern part of Arabian Peninsula and shares borders with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the south, Oman to the east and sea sharing borders with Qatar. Also, country has a direct access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean. The UAEs total area is much smaller, only 83,600 sq. km. The United Arab Emirates thrift and stability is substantiating by its considerable oil wealth that was discovered in 1960th, most of which is concentrated in Abu Dhabi the countrys capital (â€Å"United Arab Emirates profile’ 2012). Although, the UAE will remain be contingent on the oil reserves for many years to come, nevertheless, its level of dependency is gradually declining. The main role in development was taken by Dubai, which has become a regional financial, commercial powerhouse and o one the prime tourism centers of the Gulf Region. Moreover, a strong combination of oil prices, plentiful financial and fiscal resources, political stability, regulator y reforms and infrastructure development will backing the UAEs country risk profile. Germany represents a federal parliamentary, representative republic with a six main political parties, dominated by the Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Union of Bavaria and the Social Democratic parties. The head of the government who exercises executive power is a Chancellor Angela Merkel. Nevertheless, due to the fact that Germany is a member of European Union and G8, policies are subordinated with those organizations. As the biggest economy in Europe, Germany contributes 25% of Eurozones GDP. The political structure of the United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven monarchical emirates. His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan is an emir of Abu Dhabi and the President of the country. The federal system of government includes the President, the Prime Minister, the Supreme Council, Crown Princes and Deputy Rulers, the Federal National Council,the Council of Ministers (UAE Government 2012). Although, Germany has the second largest population in Europe, it faces an aging population. This implies some long term problems, such as increase in governmental welfare expenditures, healthcare expenses, pension’s payments and loss in income tax. Nevertheless, countrys immigration policies and laws set up favorable conditions for immigrants, and immigration rate exceeds emigration level. 10% of Germanys population consists of non-native nations, such as Turkish, Greek, Italian, Russian, Polish, Spanish and Serbo-Croatian. According to World Bank, UAE’s locals constitute only 16.5% of the total population. Meanwhile, the number of expatriates increasing over time, Indians accounts the biggest part with a 1.7 million people. Also, most of native representatives tend to work in public sectors, benefiting with a higher salaries, shorter working hours, greater job security, while 98% of private-sector workplaces are occupied by expatriates. As the graphs below represent the population pyramids for compared countries, we can mention the aging population in Germany, as was described previously. Also we pay attention on difference in population composition of those countries. Almost in every age group Germany’s population is somewhat balanced between male and female genders. On the other hand, we can see the drastic difference between male and female composition of United Arab Emirates’ population. Age groups from 20-64 is highly dominated by males; this caused by the fact that most of them are expatriates and they are coming to the country in search of a job, leaving their families in home countries. Source: US Census Bureau, International Data base (IDB) GDP Growth The economy of Germany continues to be based on individual consumption and going to strengthen by further investments, meanwhile next exports is still deterring growth. Germany has been decreased its dependence on exports in recent years. In addition, the Social Democratic Party has successfully pushed for an expenditure increase in infrastructural, educational sectors, as well as pension increase and minimum-wage regulation across all country by 2015. Eurozone’s debt-crisis caused uncertainty on consumers’ confidence and future expectations about their personal finances. Income is continuing to be supported by stable employment and increase in average wages. Also the expected perseverance of historically low interest rates will reinforce investment growth during upcoming years. Cheap mortgages will robust construction industry. Exports will recover during 2014, but the Eurozone crisis and geopolitical conflicts in the Ukraine and the Middle East are limiting scope. Although consecutive economic stabilization in the European Union will permit German exports to strengthen, the spikes in rebound trend during end of 2013 and beginning of 2014 – the natural structure of European debt crisis which in turn will limit the speed and vigour of export recovery. Furthermore, incandesce of Ukrainian situation and possible further escalations of actions in Iraq are incrementing world’s uncertainty and keeps internati onal trade back. The expected growth of the GDP of UAE is 4.3% in current year. Compared to the previous year the GDP growth, the highest after Great Recession, has declined. Economic growth had a strong acceleration in 2013 of 5.2%, but then economy faces some difficulties. Oil GDP expands only at a 1.8% rate this year, following 4.8% in 2013. With average global price of $109 per barrel in 2014, UAE oil output – which concentrated within the Abu Dhabi emirate – is going to reach around 2.7-2.8 million barrels per day. Non-oil sectors of the economy will continue to outrun growth driven by oil extraction. Activity in the non-oil sector has been steadily recovering following the downturn in 2009 and will continue to be the driving force of the economy’s growth momentum in 2014. Non-oil GDP is continuing holding on the same level as in 2013 – approximately 5.4%. The UAE has economy is relatively stable amid the disorder in the region. The key non-oil activities such as tourism, retail, and service help to drive the growth. Manufacturing activities led by aluminium and petrochemical industries is going to strengthen the following years. Also strong economic conditions will benefit both the transport and trade sectors. Real estate and construction sectors also improved along with overall market conditions. Infrastructure and development projects also had an additional motivation with Dubai’s award of next Expo city. A set of regulations implemented by authorities will help against a repeat of a boom cycles in Dubai. All these facts regarding Expo 2020 should provide a platform for a stable growth in tourism, construction, transport and hospitality industries in next 5 years. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Germany -0.38% 1.16% 0.68% 3.70% 3.27% 1.08% -5.14% 4.01% 3.33% 6.89% 4.32% UAE 8.80% 9.57% 4.86% 9.84% 3.18% 3.19% -4.80% 1.67% 3.88% 4.37% .. GDP by type of Expenditure According to the expenditure approach of calculation of Gross Domestic Product, it equals to the sum of such components as consumption (C), investment (I), government purchases (G), and net export, i.e. difference between export and import (NX): Y=C+I+G+NX. Germany UAE Gross capital formation (% of GDP) 17.26 22.66 General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) 19.29 6.90 Household final consumption expenditure, etc. (% of GDP) 57.53 49.75 Net Export (% of GDP) 5.92 20.68 Inflation UAE consumer inflation surpassed the 2% mark in April for the first time in five years, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. Housing price inflation was relatively continual with 2.6% year on year in May; Dubai’s inflation has lowered to 3.7% compared to 4.9% in April. Real estate has become the main inflation driver in UAE, excelling food price inflation of 2.1%, even as food prices are increasing at 0.9$ rate per month. Consumer inflation is soon averaging 2.2% in 2014. The recovery of housing prices reflects the prolonged downturn in the real estate market. The annual inflation rate is expected to soar up to 3% by the end of 2014. Mildness of world’s commodity prices is going to benefit the inflationary pressures. The United Arab Emirates could face higher problems in their inflation outlook if commodity and food prices go up. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Germany 2.6% 0.3% 1.1% 2.1% 2.0% UAE 12.3% 1.6% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% Germany’s nationwide inflation should remain at a very kind level between 1% and 2% in near future. Following the consumer prices inflation leaped from a 22-year low of -0.5% in 2009 to around 2.5% in 2011, the economic deceleration caused by the Europe’s debt crisis during 2012 and early 2013 have led to a softening below 1.5% that will remain during 2014. On balance, core inflation should move broadly sideways to around 1.5% during 2014, as a boosting effect from the Germany’s economic recovery is offset by the continuing restraints of the Eurozone debt crisis, also the anticipated downward tendency of oil prices due to global supply factors. Although, monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) will be much lighter than Germany’s economy is demanding. Germans’ traditional disinclines to inflation should limit the extent to which Germany’s inflation will exceed the European average. Also, inflation will be stacked the level ECB considers unproblematic. Also due to pressure on ECB to buy Eurozone’s governments’ bonds and to allow higher inflation rates is enduring upward economic risk within the region. 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Germany 96.1 98.6 98.9 100 102.1 UAE 87 97.6 99.1 100 100.9 Human Development Index The Human Development Index summarizes the long-term development of a particular country or region. It includes three basic parameters: living standard, knowledge accessibility and health and longevity. The HDI is primarily based on international data provided by the United Nations Population Division, the United Nations Educational. In year 2013, The United Arab Emirates had a very high HDI value of 0.827— which places the country on 40 out of 187 countries. From the very beginning of its existence as a government, the United Arab Emirates HDI had value increased from 0.640 to 0.827, and soared up for 29.2 percent. This gives us the average increase of about 0.78 percent per year. The Table below reviews the United Arab Emirates progress of the HDI indicator. Between 1980 and 2013, that was achieved by couple of factors: the United Arab Emirates life expectancy at birth increased by 9.2 years, average years of schooling increased by 5.5 years and expected years of studying increased by 4.7 years. On the other hand, the United Arab Emirates GNI per capita has decreased by about 62.2 percent between 1980 and 2013, due to tremendous increase in expatriate population. UAE Germany GNI per capita (2011 PPP$) HDI value GNI per capita (2011 PPP$) HDI value 1980 153,654 0.64 25,588 0.739 1985 139,421 0.686 27,355 0.752 1990 97,141 0.725 31,002 0.782 1995 102,203 0.764 32,643 0.825 2000 103,798 0.797 35,497 0.854 2005 104,668 0.823 37,259 0.887 2010 57,360 0.824 40,542 0.904 2011 56,393 0.824 41,907 0.908 2012 57,095 0.825 42,965 0.911 2013 58,068 0.827 43,049 0.911 The recent Germany’s HDI value is 0.911— which in turns is one of the highest on the globe —positioning the country at 6 out of 187 countries and territories. Taking the same time range as for UAE, 1980 and 2013, Germany’s HDI value increased from 0.739 to 0.911, an increase of 23.3 percent or an average annual increase of about 0.64 percent. This in comparison to UAE is slightly lower. The table reviews Germany’s progress in the HDI index. The increase in HDI is consisting of: Germany’s life expectancy at birth increased by 7.7 years, mean years of schooling increased by 7.2 years and expected years of schooling increased by 1.9 years. In terms of GNI, Germany’s per capita increased by about 68.2 conversely to UAE, during the same period of time.

Dual Structure in Japan :: essays papers

Dual Structure in Japan What do you understand by the term â€Å"dual structure of an economy†? How do you explain the dual structure of manufacturing industry in Japan? The word â€Å"dual† has the meaning of double, twofold or in two parts according to The Australian Oxford Dictionary (1996). Applying the word to an economic context, I would describe the term â€Å"dual structure of an economy† to indicate the co-existence of two different sectors alongside each other with disparities in technology and productivity between them. Take for instance, the existence of a traditional primary sector along with a modern non-primary sector constitutes to a â€Å"dual structure†. Duality can exist within a particular sector of the economy. The existence of traditional subsistence agriculture alongside export agriculture among the Southeast Asian countries during colonial period is an example of duality within a sector. Minami (1994, p.239) defined â€Å"dual structure† to mean the existence of two distinct sectors; one that has modern technology, a high capital-labour ratio, high labour productivity and wages, against another one, which has all the opposite characteristics. Therefore, one can infer that if large-scale industries with high capital intensity (K) were promoted at the stage in which labour supply (L) is relatively abundant then differentials in labour productivity (Y/L) and the wage rate would arise and lead to a dual structure. For Japan, three characteristics of the economy indicated the existence of a â€Å"dual structure†. First, the coexistence of a very low unemployment rates and continued low incomes in agricultural and small business. Second, the existence of large (â€Å"industrial giants†) and small scale firms within the manufacturing sector. Third, the existence of peculiar characteristics of the labour market such as enterprise unions, wages differentials according to the size of the firm and long term employment (Odaka, 1967 p.50). Furthermore, duality existed in the manufacturing sector too. In general, â€Å"dual structure† of the Japanese economy began before the Second World War as seen in a widening of income differential between agricultural and non-agricultural. The widening income differential was due to two main reasons. Firstly, productivity differential widen as productivity in the industrial sector increases faster due to relative ease in technology borrowing than productivity in agriculture. Secondly, the existence of surplus labour in traditional industries has tended to hinder increases in productivity due to limited arable land for agriculture so the farmland area per worker increased very slightly.